Women Undergoing Mitral Valve Replacement: A Retrospective Analysis

Abstract Background Although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, few data exist on risk factors and treatment of these diseases in women. This leads to a delay in the institution of appropriate therapies and worse outcomes in this population. Objective We aimed to identify predictors of morbidity and mortality in women undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study with 104 women who underwent isolated mitral valve replacement at a referral hospital for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, performed from January 2011 to December 2016. Data were obtained from medical records. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate odds ratio, unpaired Student's t-test, and binary logistic regression. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Mean age of patients was 43.73 (±13.85) years. Most patients had a diagnosis of rheumatic disease prior to surgery (76%; N=79). Mortality rate was 4.9% (N = 5). There was a statistically higher risk of death among patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF) (<50%) (OR = 14.833, 95% CI 2.183 - 100.778, P=0.001) and older age (P = 0.009). There was an inverse association between a previous diagnosis of rheumatic disease and death (OR = 0.064, 95% CI 0.007 - 0.606, P=0.002). Logistic regression showed reduced EF at preoperative evaluation as a predictor of death and a diagnosis of rheumatic disease as a protective factor. Conclusion Older age and reduced EF were associated with postoperative mortality. Reduced EF was a predictor of death, and rheumatic disease was associated with better surgical outcomes.

Morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement at a cardiovascular surgery referral service: a retrospective analysis

Abstract Introduction: We aimed to identify predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study with 164 patients who underwent isolated mitral valve replacement at a referral hospital for cardiovascular diseases, which were performed from January 2011 to December 2016. Data were obtained from medical records, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative information. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate odds ratio (OR), unpaired Student's t-test, and binary logistic regression. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: A total of 69.5% (n=114) of the patients had a diagnosis of rheumatic disease prior to surgery. Mortality rate was 6.7% (n=11). The most observed complication was the occurrence of postoperative arrhythmias (19.5%). On average, patients remained 5.34 days in the intensive care unit. There was a statistically significant enhanced risk of death among patients with previous diagnosis of endocarditis (OR 5.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1,368-19,915; P=0.008), reduced ejection fraction (EF) (< 50%) (OR 9.46, 95% CI 2,61-34,35; P<0.001), and mitral regurgitation (MR) (OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.576-37.545; P=0.004). Patients who died were older than those who survived surgery (P<0.001) and had lower preoperative serum hemoglobin levels (P=0.018). Logistic regression showed age and reduced EF at preoperative evaluation as predictors of death. Conclusion: Older age, reduced serum hemoglobin levels, preoperative diagnosis of endocarditis, reduced EF, and MR were associated with postoperative mortality. Age and reduced EF were predictors of death.

Morbidity and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Replacement at a Cardiovascular Surgery Referral Service: a Retrospective Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to identify predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study with 164 patients who underwent isolated mitral valve replacement at a referral hospital for cardiovascular diseases, which were performed from January 2011 to December 2016. Data were obtained from medical records, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative information. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate odds ratio (OR), unpaired Student's t-test, and binary logistic regression. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 69.5% (n=114) of the patients had a diagnosis of rheumatic disease prior to surgery. Mortality rate was 6.7% (n=11). The most observed complication was the occurrence of postoperative arrhythmias (19.5%). On average, patients remained 5.34 days in the intensive care unit. There was a statistically significant enhanced risk of death among patients with previous diagnosis of endocarditis (OR 5.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1,368-19,915; P=0.008), reduced ejection fraction (EF) (< 50%) (OR 9.46, 95% CI 2,61-34,35; P<0.001), and mitral regurgitation (MR) (OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.576-37.545; P=0.004). Patients who died were older than those who survived surgery (P<0.001) and had lower preoperative serum hemoglobin levels (P=0.018). Logistic regression showed age and reduced EF at preoperative evaluation as predictors of death. CONCLUSION: Older age, reduced serum hemoglobin levels, preoperative diagnosis of endocarditis, reduced EF, and MR were associated with postoperative mortality. Age and reduced EF were predictors of death.

Clinical and ultramicroscopic myocardial randomized study of beating versus arrested heart for mitral surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Beating heart surgery on normothermic bypass simulates physiologic cardiac status. OBJECTIVES: This study compared clinical and transmission electron microscopic aspects of myocardial protection during mitral valve replacement using warm retrograde perfusion in empty beating versus arrested heart with cold blood anterograde cardioplegia. METHODS: Randomized study to evaluate myocardial cellular ischemia-reperfusion of both techniques to replace the mitral valve. Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned into group A (beating heart) and group B (arrested heart). The following parameters were assessed: echocardiography, blood chemistry, hemoglobin, lactate. During the surgical procedure a total of 102 myocardial biopsies were performed for ultrastructural analysis from anterior left ventricular wall: before cardiopulmonary bypass, before aortic desclamping and 10 minutes after reperfusion. RESULTS: Elevation of lactate at 3 hours during the procedure was higher in group A, but similar at the end of surgery (P=0.06). Cardioversion was necessary in 5/17 (A) vs. 13/17 (B) P=0.07. Median intraoperative systemic temperature was significantly lower in the group B compared to A (32° C vs. 36° C), P<0.001. There was no significant difference of the ultramicroscopic aspects of the heart biopsies before, during and after surgery in both groups. Cellular and mitochondrial transient abnormalities such as mitochondrial swelling, glycogen loss and cytosol swelling were detected independently of the moment of the biopsies. CONCLUSION: Myocardial protection and ultrastructural abnormalities were similar for both types of mitral valve replacement beating or arrested heart techniques.

Clinical and ultramicroscopic myocardial randomized study of beating versus arrested heart for mitral surgery / Estudo randomizado clínico e ultramicroscópico na cirurgia valvar mitral com o coração com atividade elétrica versus sem atividade elétrica

INTRODUCTION: Beating heart surgery on normothermic bypass simulates physiologic cardiac status. OBJECTIVES: This study compared clinical and transmission electron microscopic aspects of myocardial protection during mitral valve replacement using warm retrograde perfusion in empty beating versus arrested heart with cold blood anterograde cardioplegia. METHODS: Randomized study to evaluate myocardial cellular ischemia-reperfusion of both techniques to replace the mitral valve. Thirty-four patients were randomly assigned into group A (beating heart) and group B (arrested heart). The following parameters were assessed: echocardiography, blood chemistry, hemoglobin, lactate. During the surgical procedure a total of 102 myocardial biopsies were performed for ultrastructural analysis from anterior left ventricular wall: before cardiopulmonary bypass, before aortic desclamping and 10 minutes after reperfusion. RESULTS: Elevation of lactate at 3 hours during the procedure was higher in group A, but similar at the end of surgery (P=0.06). Cardioversion was necessary in 5/17 (A) vs. 13/17 (B) P=0.07. Median intraoperative systemic temperature was significantly lower in the group B compared to A (32oC vs. 36oC), P<0.001. There was no significant difference of the ultramicroscopic aspects of the heart biopsies before, during and after surgery in both groups. Cellular and mitochondrial transient abnormalities such as mitochondrial swelling, glycogen loss and cytosol swelling were detected independently of the moment of the biopsies. CONCLUSION: Myocardial protection and ultrastructural abnormalities were similar for both types of mitral valve replacement beating or arrested heart techniques.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia valvar mitral pode ser realizada com o coração com atividade elétrica, vazio e normotérmico com pinçamento aórtico, perfusão sanguínea no seio coronário, simulando um estado fisiológico. OBJETIVOS: Comparar as manifestações clínicas e ultramicroscópicas do miocárdio, na cirurgia valvar mitral, com o coração com atividade elétrica versus sem atividade elétrica. MÉTODOS: Estudo randomizado constituído de 34 pacientes: grupo A (batendo) e grupo B (parado). Os parâmetros foram: hematológico, bioquímico, ecocardiográfico, lactato. Foram realizadas 102 biopsias da parede anterior do ventrículo esquerdo preparadas para análise ultraestrutural: antes da circulação extracorpórea, antes do despinçamento aórtico e 10 minutos após a interrupção da circulação extracorpórea. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se elevação do lactato 3 horas após o início do procedimento, que foi maior no grupo A (P=0,06), todavia semelhantes no final da cirurgia. A cardioversão foi necessária em (A) 5/17 vs. (B) 13/17, P=0,07. A temperatura intraoperatória média foi significativamente menor no grupo B em relação ao grupo A (32oC vs. 36oC), P<0,001. A análise ultramicroscópica das amostras das biopsias do coração antes da circulação extracorpórea, ao término do pinçamento aórtico e após a saída da circulação extracorpórea, revelou anormalidades transitórias semelhantes no citoplasma, núcleos e mitocôndrias em ambos os grupos, independentemente do momento das biopsias. CONCLUSÃO: A proteção miocárdica na cirurgia valvar mitral apresentou aspectos semelhantes na preservação da integridade ultraestrutural dos cardiomiócitos quando realizada com o coração com ou sem atividade elétrica.

Adultos com cardiopatia congênita submetidos à primeira cirurgia: prevalência e resultados em um hospital terciário / Adults with congenital heart disease undergoing first surgery: prevalence and outcomes at a tertiary hospital

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico da cardiopatia congênita em adultos apresentou importante crescimento nos últimos anos. Contudo, ainda assim, o número de pacientes que atingem a idade adulta sem tratamento cirúrgico adequado permanece elevado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados hospitalares e diagnósticos dos pacientes adultos com cardiopatia congênita submetidos à primeira operação. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, que analisou prontuários de pacientes operados para correção de cardiopatia congênita com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos. O critério de exclusão foi cirurgia para reoperação. Foi analisado o período entre dezembro de 2007 e dezembro de 2010, com inclusão de 79 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Os defeitos do septo atrial foram os mais prevalentes (53,1%), seguidos de comunicação interventricular (15,2%), coarctação da aorta (6,3%) e canal atrioventricular parcial (6,3%). Treze (16,4%) pacientes apresentavam doença associada adquirida e 14 pacientes (17,7%), congênita. Trinta e três (41,8%) pacientes apresentavam hipertensão pulmonar. O tempo médio de internamento em UTI e hospitalar foi de 3,9 e 14,5 dias, respectivamente. Complicações ocorreram em 18 (22,8%) pacientes, sendo as infecciosas as mais comuns. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de dois (2,5%) pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento da cardiopatia congênita em adultos como primeira cirurgia apresentou resultado bastante favorável. Contudo, em nossa série, houve maior tempo de internamento em UTI e hospitalar.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment of congenital heart disease in adults showed a significant growth in recent years. But even so, the number of patients who reach adulthood without adequate surgical treatment remains high. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the results and hospital diagnoses of adult patients with congenital heart disease underwent the first surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of records of patients operated for correction of congenital heart disease and age greater than or equal to 18 years. The exclusion criterium was surgery for reoperation. Period analyzed was from December 2007 to December 2010 with inclusion of 79 patients. RESULTS: The atrial septal defects were the most prevalent (53.1%), followed by VSD (15.2%), the coarctation (6.3%) and partial atrioventricular canal (6.3%). Thirteen (16.4%) patients had associated disease acquired and 14 (17.7%) congenital disease. Complications occurred in 18 (22.8%) patients, with infections being the most common. The average hospital stay in ICU and hospital were 3.9 and 14.5 days, respectively. Thirty-three (41.8%) patients had pulmonary hypertension. The hospital mortality was two (2.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: The treatment of congenital heart disease in adults as first surgery has very favorable results. However, in our series, there was an increased length of stay in ICU and hospital.

Adults with congenital heart disease undergoing first surgery: prevalence and outcomes at a tertiary hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment of congenital heart disease in adults showed a significant growth in recent years. But even so, the number of patients who reach adulthood without adequate surgical treatment remains high. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the results and hospital diagnoses of adult patients with congenital heart disease underwent the first surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of records of patients operated for correction of congenital heart disease and age greater than or equal to 18 years. The exclusion criterium was surgery for reoperation. Period analyzed was from December 2007 to December 2010 with inclusion of 79 patients. RESULTS: The atrial septal defects were the most prevalent (53.1%), followed by VSD (15.2%), the coarctation (6.3%) and partial atrioventricular canal (6.3%). Thirteen (16.4%) patients had associated disease acquired and 14 (17.7%) congenital disease. Complications occurred in 18 (22.8%) patients, with infections being the most common. The average hospital stay in ICU and hospital were 3.9 and 14.5 days, respectively. Thirty-three (41.8%) patients had pulmonary hypertension. The hospital mortality was two (2.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: The treatment of congenital heart disease in adults as first surgery has very favorable results. However, in our series, there was an increased length of stay in ICU and hospital.

Effects of gamma irradiation on mechanical behavior and calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium. METHOD: Glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium was exposed to gamma radiation (doses from 0 to 10000 Gy). Six samples from each of nine groups were evaluated by optic microscopy, and shrinking and mechanical tests and the denaturation temperature was determined. Additionally, they were subcutaneously implanted in rats and after four months they were explanted and Ca2+ levels measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: The Ca2+ levels were (in microg/mg): control (0 Gy) - 194.45; 50 Gy - 154.64; 100 Gy - 169.37; 200 Gy - 163.64; 500 Gy - 199.89; 1000 Gy - 184.02; 2000 Gy - 198.95; 5000 Gy - 227.95; 10000 Gy - 362.62. Gamma irradiation caused a significant effect on the biomechanical properties of the tissue. CONCLUSION: e-fixed bovine pericardium.

Efeitos da radiação gama no comportamento mecânico e na calcificação do pericárdio bovino fixado com glutaraldeído / Effects of gamma irradiation on mechanical behavior and calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento mecânico e os efeitos no processo de calcificação pós-implante do pericárdio bovino tratado com glutaraldeído submetido a várias doses de radiação gama. MÉTODO: Pericárdios bovinos fixados com glutaraldeído foram submetidos a radiação gama, nas doses de 0 a 10000 Gy. Seis amostras de cada grupo foram avaliadas pela microscopia óptica, determinação da temperatura de desnaturação do colágeno e ensaio mecânico de tração e implantadas subcutaneamente em ratos. Após quatro meses do implante, as amostras foram explantadas e o conteúdo de Ca2+ determinado pela espectrometria de absorção atômica. RESULTADOS: Níveis de Ca2+ (em µg/mg): 0 Gy (controle) - 194,45; 50 Gy - 154,64; 100 Gy - 169,37; 200 Gy - 163,64; 500 Gy - 199,89; 1000 Gy - 184,02; 2000 Gy - 198,95; 5000 Gy - 227,95 e 10000 Gy - 362,62. Houve alteração significativa no comportamento mecânico do tecido irradiado, quando comparado ao grupo controle, mesmo com o emprego de baixas doses de radiação. CONCLUSÃO: O emprego da radiação gama no pericárdio bovino tratado com glutaraldeído não reduziu os níveis de Ca2+ em implantes subcutâneos em ratos por quatro meses e promoveu alteração significativa no comportamento mecânico do tecido, com redução na sua resistência, quando comparados ao grupo controle.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium. METHOD: Glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium was exposed to gamma radiation (doses from 0 to 10000 Gy). Six samples from each of nine groups were evaluated by optic microscopy, and shrinking and mechanical tests and the denaturation temperature was determined. Additionally, they were subcutaneously implanted in rats and after four months they were explanted and Ca2+ levels measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: The Ca2+ levels were (in µg/mg): control (0 Gy) - 194.45; 50 Gy - 154.64; 100 Gy - 169.37; 200 Gy - 163.64; 500 Gy - 199.89; 1000 Gy - 184.02; 2000 Gy - 198.95; 5000 Gy - 227.95; 10000 Gy - 362.62. Gamma irradiation caused a significant effect on the biomechanical properties of the tissue. CONCLUSION: e-fixed bovine pericardium.

Tratamentos anticalcificantes do pericárdio bovino fixado com glutaraldeído: comparação e avaliação de possíveis efeitos sinérgicos / Anti-calcifying treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed bovine pericardium: comparisons and evaluation of possible synergic effects

OBJETIVO: Avaliar possível efeito sinérgico dos agentes anticalcificantes mais promissores investigados na literatura, por meio de tratamento seqüencial. MÉTODO: Pericárdios bovinos fixados com glutaraldeído foram tratados com: aquecimento a 50°C, éter dietílico 80 por cento, quitosana 0,125 por cento, heparina, NaBH4 e formaldeído 4 por cento. Amostras foram avaliadas pela microscopia óptica, determinação da temperatura de desnaturação do colágeno e ensaio mecânico de tração e implantadas subcutaneamente em ratos. Após quatro meses do implante, as amostras foram explantadas e o conteúdo de Ca2+ determinado pela espectrometria de absorção atômica. RESULTADOS: Níveis de Ca2+ (em æg/mg): Controle -194,45; aquecimento a 50°C - 6,87; éter dietílico - 3,69; quitosana - 68,89; quitosana+heparina - 6,81; formaldeído - 107,34; tratamento seqüencial - 0,17. O comportamento mecânico variou de acordo com os tratamentos empregados. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento seqüencial foi efetivo na inibição da calcificação e o tecido apresentou comportamento mecânico adequado à confecção de biopróteses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a possible synergic effect of the most promising anti-calcifying agents investigated in literature by sequential treatment. METHOD: Glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium was treated by: heating to 50°C, 80 percent ether, 0.125 percent chitosan, heparin, NaBH4 and 4 percent formaldehyde. Samples were evaluated by optic microscopy, shrinking and mechanical tests and implanted subcutaneously in rats. Four months later the samples were explanted and Ca2+ levels measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: Ca2+ levels were (in æg/mg): control - 194.45; heating at 50°C - 6.87; ether - 3.69; chitosan - 68.89; heparin - 6.81; formaldehyde - 107.34; sequential treatment - 0.17. The mechanical characteristics changed according to the treatments employed. CONCLUSION: Sequential treatment was effective to inhibit calcification and the tissue showed an adequate mechanical structure for the manufacture of bioprosthesis.

Dupla via de saída do ventrículo direito com comunicaçäo interventricular näo relacionada: resultados da correçäo cirúrgica com técnica de múltiplos retalhos / Double-outlet right ventricle with non-committed ventricular septal defect: surgical results using the multiple patches technique

Objetivo: Apresentar uma modificaçäo técnica para a correçäo cirúrgica biventricular da dupla via de saída de ventrículo direito com comunicaçäo interventricular näo relacionada. Métodos: No período de abril de 1987 a fevereiro de 1996, 15 pacientes portadores desta anomalia foram submetidos à técnica de reconstruçäo biventricular com "tunelizaçäo do ventrículo esquerdo para a aorta utilizando-se 2 ou mais retalhos de pericárdio bovino. A idade variou entre 2 a 13 anos (média = 4,8 anos; média = 5 anos). Treze pacientes apresentavam situs solitus e levocardia, 1 paciente situs inversus e dextrocardia e 1 paciente situs solitus e dextrocardia. A construçäo do túnel inicia-se no átrio direito. Sendo a CIV pequena ou restritiva, é feita a ampliaçäo em sentido anterior e o primeiro retalho é suturado na borda póstero-inferior do defeito direcionando-o para o septo, em posiçäo anterior e superior. A seguir, através de ventriculotomia direita o segundo, terceiro e, por vezes, o quarto retalhos säo suturados direcionando o túnel para o anel aórtico. Resultados: Houve 3 óbitos (mortalidade de 20 por cento), 2 hospitalares, 1 tardio e os 12 pacientes restantes foram seguidos por um período variável de 10 meses a 9 anos (média 33 meses) encontrando-se todos em classe funcional I (NYHA). Comunicaçäo interventricular residual, mínima, foi observada em 1 paciente, estenose pulmonar residual em 2 pacientes e insuficiência pulmonar em 1 paciente. Em nenhum dos pacientes demonstrou-se obstruçäo do túnel ventrículo esquerdo - aorta. Conclusäo: Baseados nestes resultados, concluímos que esta técnica para reparo biventricular permite a construçäo de um túnel com diâmetro interno adequado, respeitando as mudanças de direçäo existentes entre a comunicaçäo interventricular e a aorta. O túnel de pericárdio bovino ocupa menor espaço intraventricular causando, portanto, menor risco de obstruçäo da via de saída de ventrículo direito.

Exteriorizaçäo clínica de janela aortopulmonar através de insuficiência mitral por dilataçäo secundária do anel valvar / Clinical manifestation of aortopulmonary window by mitral regurgitation secondary to valvar anulus dilation

Relatamos dois casos de portadores de grande janela aortopulmonar, ambos com 10 meses de idade, que curiosamente se exteriorizaram como se fora insuficiência mitral, esta, secundária ao hiperfluxo pulmonar com conseqüente dilataçäo do anel valvar. Insuficiência cardíaca franca e precoce, sopro sistólico intenso na área mitral e sobrecarga de cavidades esquerdas caracterizaram diagnóstico clínico de insuficiência mitral congênita, em ambos. O diagnóstico correto foi estabelecido à operaçäo e à necrópsia, o que traz à baila a necessidade de análise cuidadosa dos diferentes elementos diagnósticos pré-operatórios, especialmente em anomalias cuja exteriorizaçäo clínica mostra a similaridades nítidas

Cirurgia cardíaca infantil em hospital geral: procedimentos e resultados em 5 anos de experiência / Pediatric Cardiac Surgery in a General Hospital. Procedures and Results in 5 Years Experience

Objetivo - Estabelecer rotina para cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica em hospital geral, visando diminuiçäo dos riscos, maior certeza diagnóstica, uma abordagem mais precisa e conseqüente melhoria dos resultados. Métodos - Trezentos e noventa crianças portadoras de cardiopatias congênitas foram submetidas a correçäo cirúrgica em período de 5 anos. Entre os procedimentos habituais enfatizam-se o diagnóstico näo invasivo, a internaçäo conjunta com a mäe, a reduçäo do período de hospitalizaçäo, os cuidados com a coleta e preservaçäo do sangue, bem como a preferência pelo sangue fresco, as técnicas de monitorizaçäo, anestesia, circulaçäo extra-corpórea e proteçäo miocárdica, cuidados com a estética das incisöes em pacientes do sexo feminino e cuidados pós-operatórios. Resultados - Evidenciou-se um alto índice de extubaçäo precoce, com diminuiçäo significativa das complicaçöes pulmonares secundárias à ventilaçäo mecânica prolongada. As complicaçöes pós-operatórias como instabilidade hemodinâmica, arritmias bem como sangramento aumentado, näo foram, freqüentes. Os baixos índices de mortalidade e o curto período de internaçäo hospitalar confirmaram os bons resultados. Conclusäo - A elaboraçäo de rotina para cirurgia cardíaca peiátrica, com eliminaçäo ou minimizaçäo dos riscos inerentes a cada etapa, possibilitou uma melhoria progressiva dos resultados cirúrgicos

Purpose - To establish the routines for pediatric cardiac surgery in a general hospital, with a view to acurate diagnostic, a more precise intervention, a reduction of the risks and consequently an improvement of the results. Methods - Three hundred and ninety surgeries were carried out in children with congenital heart disease. The method use highlighted noninvasive diagnosis, joint lodging, reduced period of hospitalization, care with the collection and preservation of blood, as well as the preference for fresh blood, techniques of monitoring, anesthesia, cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial protection, concern with aesthetic incision for female patients and postoperative critical care. Results - A high rate of early extubation was observed, with a signifcant reduction of the pulmonary complications resulting from prolonged mechanical ventilation. Low haemodynamic instability, arrhythmia and postoperative bleeding rates were uncommon. The low mortality rate and the average hospitalization period confirmed the good results. Conclusion - With the establishment of routines for pediatric cardiac surgery, we observed a progressive improvement of the results, with low rates of morbidity and mortality in a general hospital

Incisão submamária para esternotomia mediana / Submammary incision for median sternotomy

Objetivo - Avaliar as indicaçöes, complicaçöes e os resultados estéticos e funcionais da incisäo submamária para esternotomia mediana em jovens e crianças do sexo feminino. Métodos - Duzentos e oitenta pacientes do sexo feminino com idades entre 2 meses e 42 anos (média = 5 anos, desvio padräo = 9 anos) foram submetidas a intervençöes cardíacas com o emprego de incisäo submamária para esternotomia mediana nos hospitais Sírio-Libanês e Matarazzo, de janeiro 1981 a outubro de 1991. Resultados - A exposiçäo foi adequada e, todos os pacientes, sem dificuldades técnicas ou complicaçöes maiores e os resultados estéticos e funcionais excelentes. Conclusäo - Os resultados justificam o emprego rotineiro da incisäo submamária para esternotomia mediana em pacientes do sexo feminino

Purpose - To evaluate the indications, complications, cosmetic and functional results with submammary skin incision for a median sternotomy in femules. Methods - Two hundred and eighty female patients have undergone submammary skin incision for a median sternotomy between 1981 to 1991 ages rangedirom 2 months to 42 years (m = 5 ± 9 years). Results - Adequate exposure of the heart was achived in every case, there were no technical problems, no major complications and the cosmetic and functional results are excellent. Conclusion - Complications associated with this incision are insignificant and the cosmetic and functional results are excellent justified routinely this approach for young women

Extubaçäo precoce em cirurgia cardíaca infantil: procedimentos e resultados em seis anos de experiência / Early extubation in heart surgery in children: procedures and results in 6 years experience

De 441 crianças portadoras de cardiopatias congênitas submetidas a intervençoes cirúrgicas, 372 (84 por cento) foram extubadas em sala cirúrgica, imediatamente após o procedimento baseado em critérios clínicos, saturaçao cutânea de O(2) e pCO(2) no ar expirado. As complicaçoes pós-operatórias nao apresentaram correlaçao com o procedimento, observando-se, inclusive, baixo índice de complicaçoes pulmonares. Concluiu-se que a maioria das crianças, incluindo muitas com lesoes complexas e hipertensao pulmonar pré-operatória, podem ser extubadas precocemente com segurança e diminuiçao das complicaçoes pulmonares secundárias à ventilaçao mecânica, bem como reduçao do período de permanência em UTI, e de hospitalizaçao, stress da criança, dos familiares e os custos hospitalares.

Enxerto valvulado extracardíaco no estabelecimento da continuidade entre o ventrículo direito e as artérias pulmonares: técnicas e resultados de sua aplicaçäo na correçäo do tronco arterioso comum / Valved Extracardiac Conduits for Establishment of Right Ventricle-Pulmonary Artery Continuity. Technique and Results in Truncus Arteriosus Communis

Objetivo - Avaliar os resultados dos enxertos valvulados extracardíacos, empregados no estabelecimento da continuidade entre o ventrículo direito e as artérias pulmonares em pacientes portadores de tronco arterioso comum. Métodos - Quinze pacientes portadores de tronco arterioso comum foram submetidos a cirurgia corretiva com a utilização de enxerto valvulado extracardíaco no estabelecimento da continuidade entre o ventrículo direito e as artérias pulmonares no período de janeiro de 1981 a janeiro de 1991. A idade média foi de 2 anos e 9 meses e o peso médio de 9,6 kg. Oito pacientes eram do sexo feminino e sete do masculino. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido através de estudo hemodinâmico e/ou ecocardiográfico e a indicação cirúrgica baseada na presença de insuficiência cardíaca e na prevenção da progressão de doença vascular pulmonar obstrutiva. Os enxertos foram confeccionados com a inserção de válvula biológica de pericárdio bovino em prótese tubular de "woven dacron", com diâmetro variando de12a22mm. Resultados - A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 33% tendo como causa principal a síndrome de baixo débito. Complicações pós-operatórias, de gravidade variável, ocorreram em 80% dos pacientes, incluindo os óbitos hospitalares. Na evolução tardia, quatro pacientes foram submetidos a reintervenções por complicação estenótica do enxerto valvulado, em média 5 anos e 2 meses após o implante. A mortalidade tardia foi de 30%, correspondendo a uma sobrevivência atuarial de 66,6% no 1° ano, 53,3% no 3° ano e 46,2% em 5 e 10 anos. Conclusão - Embora os enxertos valvulados extracardíacos tenham melhorado substancialmente a sobrevida dos pacientes portadores de tronco arterioso comum. As complicações estenóticas tardias impedem que os mesmos constituam uma solução definitiva para o problema original, motivando o constante desenvolvimento de técnicas de anastomose direta ventrícularterial.

Purpose - To evaluate the results of valved extracardiac conduits for establishment of right ventricle pulmonary artery continuity in patients with truncus arteriosus communis. Methods - between January 1981 - January 1991, 15 patients with persistent truncus arteriosus communis underwent surgical repair with valved extracardiac conduits for establishment of right ventricle-pulomonary artery continuity. Mean age was 2 years 9 months and mean weight 9.6 kg. Eight patients were females and seven males. The diagnosis was established by hemodynamics and/or echocardiographic studies and surgical indication was based in presence of cardiac insuficience and prevention of pulmonary vasculardisease. Valved conduits were performed with insertion of pericardial xenograft in woven dacron prosthesis. Diameters ranged between 12 to 22 mm. Results - The in-hospital mortality was 33% and the low output syndrome was the main cause. Post-operative complications, with variable gravity, occurred in 80% of the patients. Reoperation occurred in four patients during the long term follow-up due to stenotic complications of the valved conduit, mean 5 years 2 months after implant. Late mortality was 30%, with correspondent actuarial life table of 66,6% in 1st year, 53,3%, 3rd and 46,2% in 5 and 10 years. Conclusion - Although the valved extracardiac conduits have significantly improved the survival of patients with truncus arteriosus communis, late stenotic complications were high determining continuous development of direct ventricle-arterial anasthomosis techniques